Uric acid is a breakdown product of the purines, adenine and guanine. These compounds are found in relatively high amounts in meat, especially organ meats. Obviously, anyone with gout should avoid dietary sources of purines. Ah, if only life were so simple! It reminds me of the truism that eating fat makes you fat... If that were true your average dietician would have cured the current obesity epidemic easily by now.
No, gout is much more interesting.
Gout is triggered by the presence of crystals of uric acid in your joints. It extremely painful. Many people with gout have high levels of uric acid in their blood stream. Oddly enough some people with gout do not have high levels of uric acid in their blood. Dig deeper.
Fructose is an unusual sugar for humans to eat. We have no system to break down fructose polymers. The only sources of fructose we can use are the simple sugar in fruit or honey and as the molecule combined with glucose as sucrose, ie table sugar. Drenching your metabolism with fructose is a recent innovation for humans. The current preferred sweetener for soft drinks is "high fructose corn syrup", a product of our dearly beloved food industry in the last thirty years or less.
What happens when you drench you metabolism with fructose? It enters the metabolic pathway of carbohydrate below its main control step and is immediately converted to fructose-1-phosphate. Quite why evolution has arranged things this way is a mystery, but my suspicion is that evolution does not like free fructose in human metabolism. So drinking a small bucket of cola will put 100gm of fructose in to your liver. This will require a large input of phosphate to for the fructose-1-phosphate, leaving very little for the generation of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of our cells. A lack of ATP triggers activity of the degradation system for adenine and the production of, guess what, uric acid! Gout, and not a serving of kidneys in sight. Until 100 years ago only the rich could afford enough sugar to get gout, now it is a feature of metabolic syndrome and available to all.
Incidentally the fructose has to be "put" somewhere, and that is in to fat for storage, via elevated triglyceride levels in the blood. It causes insulin resistance too. Even the full metabolic syndrome!
In fact, probably the truth is that fructose causes insulin resistance, which causes gout. The hyper uricaemia and the fact that the joints produce uric acid crystals do not have to be causally related. I'd say they're not.
Incidentally, these bright researchers are looking for ways to minimise the self poisoning caused by fructose. They are actually suggesting looking for a drug to allow you to drink high fructose corn syrup without the rise in uric acid.
A drug for life to enjoy your cola. But of course that won't stop the insulin resistance from fructose, so......
Peter
Wednesday, December 06, 2006
Saturday, November 18, 2006
Cholesterol Bogeyman
I was going to suggest it is currently accepted wisdom that an elevated blood cholesterol level is a "risk factor" for heart disease. That is not strictly true as there is a small group of medical practitioners who object to the idea that elevated cholesterol is a cause of heart disease. This even applies to those doctors who are so enthusiastic about cholesterol lowering drugs (statins) that they preach that everyone should take a statin IRRESPECTIVE of their cholesterol level. I find it hard to find a more convincing argument that cholesterol is irrelevant.
Anyway, let's look at one of the few reasonable cholesterol lowering trials ever completed. It was done in Japan. It simply involved taking 47,294 men, all of whom had a total cholesterol level above 240mg/dl (that's 6.15mmol/l in new money, but the paper is written in Noddy units). Everyone got either 5mg or 10mg of simvastatin per day (I presume based on body weight, the authors forgot to say how they decided!). They followed them for six years, then looked at death rates.
Now one strange thing about humans is that we are all different. If you give a big group of people the same dose of a drug most people will respond to it. Some by a lot, some by a little, a few not at all. That's exactly what happened. So now we can split those 47,294 men up in to those who lived with high, low or medium cholesterol levels for six years, all of whom had the same dose of simvastatin kicking around in their blood stream.
What do you get? I like death rates as a measure of outcome. There is no arguing with an outcome of being dead or a live. It's pretty clear cut. Even to a cardiologist. So what happened to death rates?
Those men who's cholesterol level ended up between 200 and 219mg/dl had the lowest risk of dying. In fact if the value ended up anywhere between 180mg/dl and 259mg/dl the risk of dying was pretty much the same as in the lowest risk group. Anything above 260mg/dl was associated with increased mortality. Above 280mg/dl the effect was most marked. Mostly heart disease. I'll write about inherited familial hypercholesterolaemia another day.
Wow, cholesterol must be really bad for you! Except there were a number of men who developed cholesterol levels below 160mg/dl on this dose of drug. Now this is a cholesterol level which would might once have made a cardiologist very happy. I believe they are harder to satisfy nowadays. How good for your overall health is a cholesterol level below 160mg/dl? Well, in this study, by six years later you are considerably more likely to be dead than if your level had only dropped to 210mg/dl. In fact you are 2.76 times more likely to be dead. This is actually a marginally higher death rate than if you had failed to respond to the drug at all. But your cardiologist would still be happy because the excess death rate is not due to heart disease.
The men who dropped their cholesterol below 160mg/dl tended to died of cancer.
Imagine going to your doctor and being offered a pill which would switch your future life from one ending in heart disease to one ending in cancer. Well, we've all got to die some time. Which disease would you prefer? Go on, really. A quickie heart attack or the big C?
By the way the Japanese appear somewhat more clued up about heart disease that the West. A nice commentary here. Pity the free full text is in Japanese!
Anyway, let's look at one of the few reasonable cholesterol lowering trials ever completed. It was done in Japan. It simply involved taking 47,294 men, all of whom had a total cholesterol level above 240mg/dl (that's 6.15mmol/l in new money, but the paper is written in Noddy units). Everyone got either 5mg or 10mg of simvastatin per day (I presume based on body weight, the authors forgot to say how they decided!). They followed them for six years, then looked at death rates.
Now one strange thing about humans is that we are all different. If you give a big group of people the same dose of a drug most people will respond to it. Some by a lot, some by a little, a few not at all. That's exactly what happened. So now we can split those 47,294 men up in to those who lived with high, low or medium cholesterol levels for six years, all of whom had the same dose of simvastatin kicking around in their blood stream.
What do you get? I like death rates as a measure of outcome. There is no arguing with an outcome of being dead or a live. It's pretty clear cut. Even to a cardiologist. So what happened to death rates?
Those men who's cholesterol level ended up between 200 and 219mg/dl had the lowest risk of dying. In fact if the value ended up anywhere between 180mg/dl and 259mg/dl the risk of dying was pretty much the same as in the lowest risk group. Anything above 260mg/dl was associated with increased mortality. Above 280mg/dl the effect was most marked. Mostly heart disease. I'll write about inherited familial hypercholesterolaemia another day.
Wow, cholesterol must be really bad for you! Except there were a number of men who developed cholesterol levels below 160mg/dl on this dose of drug. Now this is a cholesterol level which would might once have made a cardiologist very happy. I believe they are harder to satisfy nowadays. How good for your overall health is a cholesterol level below 160mg/dl? Well, in this study, by six years later you are considerably more likely to be dead than if your level had only dropped to 210mg/dl. In fact you are 2.76 times more likely to be dead. This is actually a marginally higher death rate than if you had failed to respond to the drug at all. But your cardiologist would still be happy because the excess death rate is not due to heart disease.
The men who dropped their cholesterol below 160mg/dl tended to died of cancer.
Imagine going to your doctor and being offered a pill which would switch your future life from one ending in heart disease to one ending in cancer. Well, we've all got to die some time. Which disease would you prefer? Go on, really. A quickie heart attack or the big C?
By the way the Japanese appear somewhat more clued up about heart disease that the West. A nice commentary here. Pity the free full text is in Japanese!
Saturday, November 04, 2006
Sweet Heart Disease
Sugar is sticky. Not just on your fingers, it's sticky in your bloodstream too. The higher your blood glucose concentration rises, the more glucose sticks to the haemoglobin in your red blood cells. It's easy to measure how much this has happened and it gives a pretty good idea of how sugary your bloodstream has been over the last few months. It's called the HbA1c value. Wouldn't it be fun to get together a few thousand people and measure how sugary their blood is, then wait and see how many die in the next six years? Well, even if you don't think so, the EPIC researchers thought it might be, so they did just that.
If you filled a room with 100 people, all with a HbA1c below 5% in 1997, and then invited the same 100 people back for a chat in 2003, how many empty places would there be at the second meeting? The answer is that about 4 people would be absent through having died. If you had a separate meeting arranged for people who's HbA1c was over 7%, how many empty seats might there be after that same six years? The answer is about 19. Having high sugar in your blood is very bad news. Those are the figures for men, the approximate numbers for women are 2 deaths in the low HbA1c group and 25 deathsin the high group. It's a simple relationship, the higher the HbA1c, the worse the outcome.
What did these people die of, associated with their high sugar levels?
Heart disease appeared to be quite important.
Did the researchers check cholesterol levels? You bet they did! Nil, zero, zilch association with heart disease.
So I'll stick with my six eggs for breakfast and pass on the toast and marmalade.
If you filled a room with 100 people, all with a HbA1c below 5% in 1997, and then invited the same 100 people back for a chat in 2003, how many empty places would there be at the second meeting? The answer is that about 4 people would be absent through having died. If you had a separate meeting arranged for people who's HbA1c was over 7%, how many empty seats might there be after that same six years? The answer is about 19. Having high sugar in your blood is very bad news. Those are the figures for men, the approximate numbers for women are 2 deaths in the low HbA1c group and 25 deathsin the high group. It's a simple relationship, the higher the HbA1c, the worse the outcome.
What did these people die of, associated with their high sugar levels?
Heart disease appeared to be quite important.
Did the researchers check cholesterol levels? You bet they did! Nil, zero, zilch association with heart disease.
So I'll stick with my six eggs for breakfast and pass on the toast and marmalade.
Thursday, November 02, 2006
Food Pyramids, food and pyramids
The people who built the Egyptian pyramids developed arthritis. That's what you might expect from pushing around 20 tonne blocks of stone with a few levers. There is an very interesting article on the excavation of the graves of pyramid builders in National Geographic. They are not talking about the pharaoh and the like, but about the people doing the donkey work.
To an archeologist this arthritis does not come as a surprise. Hard labour should produce lots of wear and tear. What is a little more strange is the fact that the Egyptian women were also severely affected. There are no depictions of women moving stone blocks. What is even stranger is that much of the arthritis is found in the women's necks. How heavy a water jug do you have to put on your head, and for how long, to develop severe degenerative arthritis of your cervical spine?
The answer is you don't have to do it at all. Spinal arthritis is rife in the modern, sedentary, middle classes of London or any other city. How many people do you know who are free of back problems? You do not need to be moving pyramid blocks to develop ankylosing spondylitis. But you do need to eat grain.
There is a fairly innocent little bug called klebsiella pneumoniae which lives not only in the soil but in the intestine of many of us, probably most of us. It is a niche bacterium which exploits a particular food source. It eats starch, but not just any starch. Starch is made of long chains of glucose. The chains are branched. At the branch points there are triplets of glucose which will not fit in to the normal digestive machinery possessed by human beings, so they get left undigested. Klebsiella eats these triplets of glucose. It has a special enzyme, pullulanase, to break them down. Happy bacterium.
Unfortumately there is a large subgroup of the population who's immune system "sees" pullulanase as something to attack. These people have a special marker on their white blood cells called HLA B27. They attack pullulanase as if it were an invading nasty. It is unfortunate that the structure of pullulanase and the structure of the collagen which forms our joints is similar. An attack on pullulanase results in collateral damage to the collagen of our ligaments and joints, most particularly those of our spine.
You don't need to carry 20 tonne "lego bricks" around on your head to get cervical spinal arthritis. You just have to eat grains and be unlucky with your HLA type. The Egyptians were amongst the first people on Earth to eat spelt, a precursor of wheat, and they suffered. So here's the £20,000 question; is the USDA Food Pyramid currently causing more arthritis than did the building of the Egyptian Pyramids?
How's your backache and would you like another slice of bread?
Peter
To an archeologist this arthritis does not come as a surprise. Hard labour should produce lots of wear and tear. What is a little more strange is the fact that the Egyptian women were also severely affected. There are no depictions of women moving stone blocks. What is even stranger is that much of the arthritis is found in the women's necks. How heavy a water jug do you have to put on your head, and for how long, to develop severe degenerative arthritis of your cervical spine?
The answer is you don't have to do it at all. Spinal arthritis is rife in the modern, sedentary, middle classes of London or any other city. How many people do you know who are free of back problems? You do not need to be moving pyramid blocks to develop ankylosing spondylitis. But you do need to eat grain.
There is a fairly innocent little bug called klebsiella pneumoniae which lives not only in the soil but in the intestine of many of us, probably most of us. It is a niche bacterium which exploits a particular food source. It eats starch, but not just any starch. Starch is made of long chains of glucose. The chains are branched. At the branch points there are triplets of glucose which will not fit in to the normal digestive machinery possessed by human beings, so they get left undigested. Klebsiella eats these triplets of glucose. It has a special enzyme, pullulanase, to break them down. Happy bacterium.
Unfortumately there is a large subgroup of the population who's immune system "sees" pullulanase as something to attack. These people have a special marker on their white blood cells called HLA B27. They attack pullulanase as if it were an invading nasty. It is unfortunate that the structure of pullulanase and the structure of the collagen which forms our joints is similar. An attack on pullulanase results in collateral damage to the collagen of our ligaments and joints, most particularly those of our spine.
You don't need to carry 20 tonne "lego bricks" around on your head to get cervical spinal arthritis. You just have to eat grains and be unlucky with your HLA type. The Egyptians were amongst the first people on Earth to eat spelt, a precursor of wheat, and they suffered. So here's the £20,000 question; is the USDA Food Pyramid currently causing more arthritis than did the building of the Egyptian Pyramids?
How's your backache and would you like another slice of bread?
Peter
Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Now Alzheimer's Disease
There is a laboratory mouse strain which has been genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer's Disease. Not nice for the mouse, but very useful for research purposes. If you have a look at this abstract, it suggests that limiting calorie intake completely protects against Alzheimer's in this strain of mouse. So why does Alzheimer's still progress in humans, even when weight maintenance becomes very difficult due to the effects of the disease?
Well, the abstract is somewhat disingenuous. It is spectacularly silent about the type of calorie restriction used. Luckily the full paper is available as a pdf at the click of a link. Be warned though, this paper is about as readable as a telephone directory, in the dark, but not as well written. You have to read the abstract, the introduction, the materials and methods until finally you get to the results section. Then you find the best kept secret so far. It's on line three of the results.
Carbohydrate restriction.
OK, yes these animals were calorie restricted, but the ONLY calories removed were carbohydrate.
The discussion actually uses the C word quite a lot. That is, it mentions carbohydrate restriction rather than calorie restriction. But the final paragraph, the sum it all up paragraph, the "this is what we found" paragraph, drops right back to calorie restriction.
Can you imagine the outcry if this group had come up with the headline "Atkins type diet provides 100% protection against Alzheimer's disease in highly susceptible mouse model"? You would actually have heard the "pop" as their funding evaporated. Anyway, it was only mice.
What about humans? No one has done the study yet, though one is planned by the group that did the Parkinson's work I mentioned yesterday. What has already been done is the flip side. That is, increasing the carbohydrate intake of nursing home patients with Alzheimer's disease. This was done to try to limit their weight loss. Adding extra carbohydrate resulted in "increased carbohydrate preference, poorer memory and increased aberrant motor behavior".
And it made them fatter too.
Peter
Well, the abstract is somewhat disingenuous. It is spectacularly silent about the type of calorie restriction used. Luckily the full paper is available as a pdf at the click of a link. Be warned though, this paper is about as readable as a telephone directory, in the dark, but not as well written. You have to read the abstract, the introduction, the materials and methods until finally you get to the results section. Then you find the best kept secret so far. It's on line three of the results.
Carbohydrate restriction.
OK, yes these animals were calorie restricted, but the ONLY calories removed were carbohydrate.
The discussion actually uses the C word quite a lot. That is, it mentions carbohydrate restriction rather than calorie restriction. But the final paragraph, the sum it all up paragraph, the "this is what we found" paragraph, drops right back to calorie restriction.
Can you imagine the outcry if this group had come up with the headline "Atkins type diet provides 100% protection against Alzheimer's disease in highly susceptible mouse model"? You would actually have heard the "pop" as their funding evaporated. Anyway, it was only mice.
What about humans? No one has done the study yet, though one is planned by the group that did the Parkinson's work I mentioned yesterday. What has already been done is the flip side. That is, increasing the carbohydrate intake of nursing home patients with Alzheimer's disease. This was done to try to limit their weight loss. Adding extra carbohydrate resulted in "increased carbohydrate preference, poorer memory and increased aberrant motor behavior".
And it made them fatter too.
Peter
Monday, October 30, 2006
Parkinson's Disease
There is a good summary of what to expect from Parkinson's Disease available at the USA based National Parkinson's Foundation website. Briefly, the problem is incurable, progressive and not particularly pleasant. This is the story of a Parkinson's sufferer who was given the possibility of modifying the usual outcome and the pressures which influenced her choice.
Last year, 2005, there was a report in the medical journal Neurology. It described a pilot study of a special diet for the management of Parkinson's Disease. The whole trial only lasted 28 days and only involved seven people, of whom only five completed the full month. In these five there was an improvement in their Parkinson's disease. Keep in mind Parkinson's is supposed to be irreversible... By the way, a small trial like this is VERY significant. If you have a therapy which makes a big difference it will show in a small trial. If your trial needs 100,000 people to show a minor benefit, the benefit for an isolated individual will clearly be pretty well undetectable.
That's interesting in its own right. But much more interesting was the interview with one of the participants published in USA Today. The article tells us what she ate and mentions that she lost 26lb. The study lasted 28 days. That is an impressive weight loss. So what sort of a diet combines modest reversal of an irreversible disease with dramatic weight loss? The diet is what is known as a ketogenic diet. Just a little meat or eggs each day, plus lots and lots of fat. No carbohydrate. Under these conditions the liver manufactures large quantities of ketone bodies, which are an excellent fuel for the brain and easily able to replace at least half of the daily glucose which is usually considered "essential".
It appears that if you feed dopaminergic brain cells on ketone bodies they stop dying, and maybe the sick-but-not-yet-dead ones recover. The brain likes ketone bodies. Why did the weight loss happen? It is self evident that eating fat makes you fat. Just ask any dietician. It's obvious. Very obvious. But not true. Ketogenic diets are excellent for weight loss. The physiology is logical and unimportant here, but minimal carbohydrate intake is essential for it to work.
The USA Today interview finished with the plan for the next phase of the investigation, using a less extreme ketogenic diet. Ketogenic diets are not easy to adhere to. The interviewee had been invited to take part in this next phase but she had refused. That would be fair enough for a minor problem. Having flicked through the description of advanced Parkinson's disease, I personally would want a serious reason to discontinue a diet which might protect me from the ravages described.
What is so wrong with a ketogenic diet that this lady couldn't stand it?
No carrots were allowed.
There is at least one person out there who would rather allow progression of their Parkinson's Disease than give up nice crispy raw carrots.
Carrots. Raw. And pass me the l-dopa please.
Peter
Last year, 2005, there was a report in the medical journal Neurology. It described a pilot study of a special diet for the management of Parkinson's Disease. The whole trial only lasted 28 days and only involved seven people, of whom only five completed the full month. In these five there was an improvement in their Parkinson's disease. Keep in mind Parkinson's is supposed to be irreversible... By the way, a small trial like this is VERY significant. If you have a therapy which makes a big difference it will show in a small trial. If your trial needs 100,000 people to show a minor benefit, the benefit for an isolated individual will clearly be pretty well undetectable.
That's interesting in its own right. But much more interesting was the interview with one of the participants published in USA Today. The article tells us what she ate and mentions that she lost 26lb. The study lasted 28 days. That is an impressive weight loss. So what sort of a diet combines modest reversal of an irreversible disease with dramatic weight loss? The diet is what is known as a ketogenic diet. Just a little meat or eggs each day, plus lots and lots of fat. No carbohydrate. Under these conditions the liver manufactures large quantities of ketone bodies, which are an excellent fuel for the brain and easily able to replace at least half of the daily glucose which is usually considered "essential".
It appears that if you feed dopaminergic brain cells on ketone bodies they stop dying, and maybe the sick-but-not-yet-dead ones recover. The brain likes ketone bodies. Why did the weight loss happen? It is self evident that eating fat makes you fat. Just ask any dietician. It's obvious. Very obvious. But not true. Ketogenic diets are excellent for weight loss. The physiology is logical and unimportant here, but minimal carbohydrate intake is essential for it to work.
The USA Today interview finished with the plan for the next phase of the investigation, using a less extreme ketogenic diet. Ketogenic diets are not easy to adhere to. The interviewee had been invited to take part in this next phase but she had refused. That would be fair enough for a minor problem. Having flicked through the description of advanced Parkinson's disease, I personally would want a serious reason to discontinue a diet which might protect me from the ravages described.
What is so wrong with a ketogenic diet that this lady couldn't stand it?
No carrots were allowed.
There is at least one person out there who would rather allow progression of their Parkinson's Disease than give up nice crispy raw carrots.
Carrots. Raw. And pass me the l-dopa please.
Peter