Thursday, June 23, 2022

FFA vs 4-HNE for activating uncoupling

Another basic mitochondrial concept. This is Brand again. The paper features mitochondria extracted from yeast cells which have been transfected with a plasmid for the mammalian UCP-1 gene.

Synergy of fatty acid and reactive alkenal activation of proton conductance through uncoupling protein 1 in mitochondria

UCP-1 is the odd man out of UCPs, its primary function is thermogenesis in adipose tissue but it seems that the control systems are similar across the whole family of proteins. UCP-1 is useful because the degree of proton leak is huge compared to other UCPs, which makes measurements using isolated mitochondrial preparations easier.

It turns out that, in addition to palmitate (and other fatty acids) many lipid derivatives also activate uncoupling, 4-HNE being one of the best studied.

They isolated mitochondria from their yeasts and fed them with either 4-HNE, palmitate or a combination of the two and looked at the degree of uncoupling (using O2 consumption under oligomycin as the surrogate, as you do).
















The two red rectangles are the degree of uncoupling induced by either 4-HNE alone or palmitate alone. Both do something. If you simply add the two red rectangles together you get the blue one, which is what you would expect if the two agents were additive. The yellow rectangle is what you actually do get, ie significantly more uncoupling because the combination is synergistic. There are papers which suggest the 4-HNE is essential for palmitate to uncouple but that might be model dependent. The above experiments are using a membrane potential of 87mV, ie quite low. A high membrane potential might have generated enough 4-HNE in situ to mask the effect of exogenous 4-HNE. Or done other things, next post.

Philosophically I view the 4-HNE in this role as a signal that some degree of ROS related "damage" has occurred to the PUFA components of the mitochondrial membrane. A little too much in the way of ROS produces a degree of lipid damage which facilitates uncoupling, which drops mitochondrial membrane potential and lowers ROS generation and subsequent damage. I have the quotation marks around "damage" because the degree of damage is that at which evolution has decided is acceptable before stepping in with an effective intervention, ie the damage is permissible and non injurious to the cell.

Bottom line: Fatty acids and lipid oxidative derivatives of PUFA both support uncoupling. Their mechanisms appear to be different and to be synergistic. We can go on to look at some aspects of their regulation in the next post.

Peter

3 comments:

Passthecream said...

Do W-3 pufa also give rise to 4-HNE?

Peter said...

Pass, I don't think so but I would expect their lipoxides to be uncoupling too. I keep looking for general principles...

Peter

John Palazzo said...

Hello Peter,

I've been following you for awhile, as well as Tucker Goodrich, Brad Marshall, Paul Saladino and the people of Zero Acre Farms.

Sorry for not posting about the topic of your post, but this is an emergency, I know you're not a doctor but I really need your help. I'm not a native english speaker either, so, sorry in advance.

My brother has an advanced kidney cancer, already in metastasis - it's all over his body. As treatment, he's doing Immunotherapy and is taking the drug Cabozantinib, both of which have severe side effects. Doctors say that he has an 1/5 chance of living more than 5 years. Currently, his kidney is frail, but still working, he has water in his lungs and is very swollen from his belly to his feet, also, very inflamed, very.

My question is:
Could reversing the electron transport chain benefit him in any way?

I deduced that reversing it would starve the cancer cells, and that hydrogen peroxide would be good for him. First, I went straight to hydrogen peroxide injections to see if this was already tried, and stumbled upon the theories of Otto Heinrich Warburg, but then I realized that the effect I was searching for (and probably him too) wasn't going to happen with exogenous doses - H2O2 needs to come from the Mithocondria.
Then it dawned on me: I need something with a high F/N Ratio, and Short, Odd-chain fatty acids have this. I immediatly searched for Formic, Propanoic and Valeric acids treatments for cancers, and I found that there were papers with excellent results in-vitro and in animal models.

So, I desperately need your help, your in-depth thoughts about this, what would be the dangers, the side-effects, dosages, or anything that you would recommend differently, something like "maybe Stearic is better"? I don't know.

Thank you very, very much.